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Fundamental concept of information technology

A computer is a device or set of devices that work under the supervision of a program stored. Automatically receives the data, process data and monitor the whole process of operation, the desired goal has been established. When a team is 1. processor data, a storage and data processing. The following concepts can be used to identify a computer:
• Literally, the term refers to computer equipment can be calculated.
• Informatics is a combination of electronic devices used to process data.
• On the computer of all data types are converted into numbers. The team can work with numbers and not letters, sounds or images. All forms of data converted to numbers for processing.
• Computers can receive, analyze, store and report information.
• Computers are useful for the rapid and accurate accounts.
History of Computing
• In about 3000 BC 'Abacus' was invented in China, which was the first calculator. Was used for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
• In the 17th century a number of instruments have been invented, which could be used as a calculator.
• In the 18th century a French scientist called Jacquard, invented a system that could receive automated job card designs perforated.
• At a certain stage of the search for life, Babbgae Charles arrived with unique ideas. It is often called the father of modern computers. He invented the "difference engine" in 1812.
• Fast calculations were made with this machine. In 1833, he planned to make a "Machine Analytic. "This research does not go far due to congestion of the funds pledged by the company Royal of England.
• Later Lady Augusta Ada invented a series of techniques that uses the concept of the Analytical Engine. She was the daughter of English poet Lord Byron and a close friend of Babbage. She invented techniques required to solve math problems step by step. This is why it is considered the first programmer in the world.
• In 1944, a machine called "Mark-1 has been constructed under the supervision of Professor Howard Eken of Harvard University in the USA. This machine was 51 feet wide, 8 feet high. That is 5,000 kilometers of electric cables and the combination of 7.5 parts LAKH mail. Although a dinosaur among today's computers neat compact was the first team the computer era of the first (1944-50).
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was built at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946, consisted valves about eighteen miles. It was for the Department of Defense. In 1948, transistors have been introduced, which ultimately replaced the valves. Transistors are miniature electronic switches in the same function as electronic valves and more. 1958 saw the introduction of integrated circuit, popularly known as CAP, which has a wide availability of computers today possible.
• Then came Gordon Moore in 1971 with his revolutionary invention of the microprocessor.
• After the microprocessor, progress has been rapid. IBM has launched the U.S. Micro-computers, is now known as PC or personal computer.
• The processing speed depends on the processor data. Currently processors with speeds exceeding 500 MHz is available on the market.
• The latest magic in the world of computing today is the Internet, virtually anyone can be achieved by this small box with an Internet connection.
• The conclusion in the note that the computer has become an inseparable part of modern civilization.

Hardware

• The term hardware refers to the portion of the computer that can be touched to know the different types of hardware and peripheral equipment for computers. For example: CPU, monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc
• Each type of hardware has one or more specific functions. For example, you use the keyboard and mouse to enter data into the computer. The monitor Used to display the output. The block diagram below shows the most common hardware.

View Inn light of the foregoing, is clear that the difficulty of tracking devices for storing conceptual May be illustrated.

Device: All devices for computer hardware are called peripherals.
Input Device: A device through which data are entered into the computer. For example: keyboard, mouse and scanner.
Unit process: Once the data entered into the computer that is processed to produce outputs. Treatment is performed by the microprocessor.
Output Device: Analog by which we can receive the processed information are output devices. For example, the printer and monitor.
Memory
Memory is the electronic notebook. Programs are loaded into memory and run on. The data used by your program is loaded into memory for quick access.
RAM (Random Access Memory): The most common RAM. It is volatile memory because they need a constant supply of energy. When the computer shuts down, everything in RAM disappears.
ROM (Read Only Memory): This nonvolatile memory. The data and instructions are programmed in this type of memory.
Storage Unit
It is possible for a computer to operate only with processing, memory, input and output. To be truly useful, however, also needs a place to store program files and related data when not in use. The objective is to maintain data storage.
The device has a disk called a disk. Some discs are built into the reader and are not for disposal. For example, the hard drive. Other types of readers allow you to remove and replace the disks, and a diskette.
Introduction some common hardware
Processing Unit The brain of the computer. This is where data and instructions are processed to produce meaningful information.
Hard Fixed and integrated team unity.

Floppy Disk Removable Storage computer. This device was much less storage capacity hard drives.
CD-ROM also a removable storage device. This device has a higher storage capacity of disks. This is a round hard plastic thin. A CD-ROM is necessary to read from the CD-ROM.

Monitor output of this device is like a television screen showing the output as a text you type.
A keyboard input device. This is an electronic version of the typewriter machine. There are special function keys, letters of the alphabet, numbers collected on the keyboard. There may be 101 to 105 the number of keys on a keyboard.

A mouse input device. You can click, double click and drag the mouse. Click it when you press a mouse button. Double-click is click twice in rapid succession. The road is to support a mouse button and drag "the mouse that physically remains depressed.

Output device of the printer that produces prints. It is printed on products such as processed data, the paper reports. There are different types of printers available in different price ranges. The most commonly used today are matrix printer and a laser printer.
Floppy Disk Drive used to read and write to disk. It's like an audio tape. You must insert the disk into the drive. You can read and write the disc.

CD-ROM used to read CD-ROM. He can not write to CD-ROM.
CD ROM recorder used to read and write to a CD ROM.
Scanner device input used to scan images or text and publish a digital version of the storage drive on your computer.
President Sound output device or data acoustics. Even as a speaker in the audio player cassettee.
This modem is a communication device to access the Internet or other computers over a line phone.
Introduction to power devices normally used with computers
We are familiar with stabilizer stress of childbirth in our electricity supply. High and low voltage complexes can be harmful to electronic circuits and devices inside the computer. A stabilizer is used to produce static energy source against the interruption in the actual delivery. So using a stabilizer with expensive equipment is highly recommended.
UPS System UPS. This device is useful in the face regular power cuts. Energy occurs when the main power fails with a user time to shut down the computer properly.
Hardware and Software
We will discuss these two terms commonly used in computer literature comparing with a common example, the audio cassette player. What do we do when we hear our favorite songs? First, insert an audio cassette player and turn on the player. Then Play ', and therefore the press "the music starts. But keep in mind that we heard the song, but you can not' feel ' the song. In literature, the computer player and an audio cassette and the song itself is the software. The difference between the song and the software is that if the song has no control over the operation of the tape, the software is the strength of the main leader of the servers. Without software, the hardware is just a machine dead.
Another point of comparison made here is that the computer can not perform a task automatically. It can only work that has been programmed into its memory and programmers to do programming. Programmers are people who write code or instructions for the computer to understand and work accordingly. Information and the instructions that were introduced in computer memory to perform a specific job are collectively known as software. The computer may be programmed to do almost any anything with a good set of instructions and codes, ie there can be many types of software, one or more of each type of task imaginable. For example, the software can be written especially for the draft letters, memoranda or documents. Other software can be developed to make your accounts current, c. to d. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The specific types of software are written just to keep the computer running. Create environments to allow other software to function.
We configure the software as follows:
• The software is a set of data and instructions to control the hardware, to perform various tasks, such as production complex mathematical and logical results.
Software Categories
Most software falls into two broad categories: system software and application software. An important type of system software called operating system software, it tells the computer how to use their own components.
Software application tells a computer to perform specific tasks for the user, such as word processing (MS Word), drawing (MS Paint), spreadsheet (MS Excel), presentation (MS PowerPoint), etc.
BIOS
Turn on the computer, goes through several steps to prepare for employment. The first step is a test automatically. The team identifies the devices that are attached in the amount of memory available and made a quick checkt see if memory prperly. This routine is called BIOS (Basic Input Output System) and is in memory (ROM).
Operating Systems
Search for the Next computer disk, then the drive for a special program called the operating system. The operating system tells the computer how to interact with the user and using devices such as units disk, keyboard and monitor. Windows98 is an operating system software.
Application Software
A computer that is running only the operating system is not very useful because the operating system exists primarily for the benefit of the computer. Other programs are needed to make the computer useful for people. Help software application users to perform specific tasks. APPLICATION software was written to do almost any task imaginable., Word processing for selecting a college to attend.
Windows
Now, you must have some idea of this software and its types. All software is developed on the basis of a predetermined objective. For example: Microsoft is a software company that has developed a series of windows based on user-friendly software, with the aim that the novice user should be able to use the computer to your advantage. Windows98 is one of its operating system software that is easy to use. At each step of the way, helps the user with messages and hand signals.
Run a Windows program
Once you start your computer, start showing more of the messages and stops after reaching a screen of some intervention user. This screen is your "office". You must click the button to view the content Satrt and programs stored on your computer. Clicking one of these programs will run this program. For example, run the Microsoft Word:
• Click the Start button
• Click Programs
• Click Microsoft Word
Control Panel
When you click the Start button shows the option "Settings". This is not an option called "Control Panel ". This folder contains the programs that control software and hardware.
Please be careful when using any of these programs. Window control programs must be worked by a Liitle more experienced people and beginners.
List of some of the tasks of program control panel can be made:
• Date and time control programs or eliminate new computeAdd
• Installing new hardware
• Install the new printer
• Look for the fund Desktop can be changed
• Change the shape and speed of the mouse
• Other
Windows Explorer
Windows Explorer in its simplest definition, is a computer table of contents.
We can see at a glance, all drives, folders and files contained on the computer, using Windows Explorer. A user can organize files and decide which files should go in which folder, create new folders, cut or pleasant and paste files and folders, etc. In addition, a file can be copied or from a floppy disk or hard drive.
How Open Windows Explorer:
Method:
Windows Explorer environment:
File
Records are like filing cabinets. You can organize files into different folders you choose. You can create folders on a drive, you can create subfolders in a folder.
Create folders Open Windows Explorer. Click the File menu. Click New. Click File. This is illustrated in the figure below. The new folder created is given the name 'New Folder' by default. You can rename a more appropriate name and press Enter.
Deleting a file or folder
As mentioned above, delete a file or folder is the easiest thing to do on a computer, so be very careful what you delete.
• Open Windows Explorer
• Click the file or folder you want to delete
• Press the Delete key on your keyboard
Restoring a file or folder
Deleted files and folders are actually moved to another part of har disk computer will not completely erase the hard drive. Deleted files and folders remain in this separate part of the drive, called a basket. You can restore a deleted file by clicking Restore in the menu on the Trash folder. If you, however, the Empty Recycle Bin, deleted files and files are lost forever.
Restore deleted files or folder to the Recycle Bin
• Double-click the icon for your office recycle bin.
• Recycle Bin window appears
• Click the file or folder you deleted and that want to restore
• Click File Menu
• Click Restore
The figure below can make the measures more clearly:
Cut, copy and paste
Prologue: In our country, especially in Dhaka city, we are all very familiar with the display on the walls. For this, the posters are prepared in the press, then stuck against the walls. After pasting a poster of a private place to change our mind and eliminate to paste elsewhere or can do more copy and paste to other walls. The screen looks surprisingly similar to the cut, copy and paste a software application options.
For example: If you prepare a document using the computer word processing software, you can satisfy the need to use the same word or phrase in a number of places. In this case, you can copy a word or phrase and stick to various parts of the document instead of writing many times. You can paste the text as many times as you want after making a "copy". Copy and paste also applies to files and folders in Windows Explorer. You can copy a file or folder and make as many copies of the same file in other folders or subfolders, as you want.
To delete a file or folder from one drive or folder and put it into another folder or drive, just 'cut' and "stick" where want to put it. Similarly, in our example document, you can "cut" a word or phrase and paste it to another location (s) to remove the word or phrase in the first place and advance to the second.
When you cut or copy a file, folder, text or image is stored temporarily in a place in memory called the Clipboard. Clicking in the queue option, file, folder or clipboard text is pasted. Therefore you can make exact copies of the same text, files, records most often as you like.
Definitions, terminology and method of Cut, Copy and Paste
'Select' is the key word in the process of cut, copy and paste. To select is to mark a text file, that file should be copied or cut. You can click and drag to select text pout or click on a file or folder to select it. The text selected file or folder has a different color (often black) to indicate the selection.
'Cut', as mentioned earlier, is the process of moving the selected text file or folder from one place to another. In Windows Explorer to select a file, the Edit menu or toolbar, then click the Cut or Copy option. In a text editor, follow the same steps.
"Copy" is the process of making replicas of a file, folder or text. The file, folder or text remains in its own facilities, and a replica created in the clipboard. When you click "Paste" toolbar or element Edit menu movement replica of the clipboard at the position clicked.
"Clipboard" is when you cut or copy information is stored temporarily.
To copy a file on the diskette
• Open Windows Explorer
• Insert a disc into the disc
• Select the file you want to copy
• Click the Copy button on the toolbar
• Click on the A: \
• Click the Paste button on toolbar
File Management
To quickly find important files, you must organize files into folders easily detectable. For example, suppose there are a number of records for employees in an office containing personal information of employee's pay, previous experience etc. You can store these files in a folder call "employee." Create sub-folders as staff salaries, etc. experience and maintain relevant files in these subfolders. You should take a little time and thought organize your files and folders, such as maintaining records and files in an office.

Find a file or folder
It is sometimes easy loss an archive of hundreds of similar cases. You can use the Find option in Windows Explorer in that situation. But the rub here you have to remember something about file, like their first 4 letters or 4 or last letters of the date of creation or folder is created inside or size or a portion of text in the file.
• Open Windows Explorer
• Click the Tools menu
• Click Search
• Click a file or folder option
• A dialog box
• Enter the information you remember about the file or folder
• Click Find Now
How computers provide the electrical connection
To protect your computer against surges, blackouts and other electrical disturbances more, you need to use stabilizers. Instead of directly connecting your devices precious main supply line, connect the computer to the stabilizer and the stabilization of making stream. UPS is used as an energy source for the equipment in case of power failure. The following figure shows the flow of electrical connection between a computer, UPS and stabilizer.
How do computers work?
To illustrate how a computer processes the data we use an analogy between computers and brains human. The five senses of human receptors are input devices of the human brain. Eyes, ears, skin, tongue and nose get different types of sensations and sends the brain for processing. Similarly, keyboard, mouse, scanner and other input devices of various types of computer collects data and sends the CPU to be processed.
The output devices man to speak through the mouth or physical gestures can be compared to the computer screen or printer, which shows or prints the result of the transformation by the processor.
Users and phobia
Now that you have an idea on how to electrically connect the computer, the next step is to work with. Unfortunately, like all other new technologies, the team has its own set of phobias about their users. Realistically, as noted above, to operate a computer can be as easy as changing the television. You can only do physical harm to a last minute team or one of its components. The software used, may itself be a coach / instructor for a beginner like you. Because most software is developed in a friendly manner and a function support the option of assistance or guidance through his ordeal. So do not be intimidated or worried, turn the "magic box" and boot.
Turn on your computer
To see if the electrical connections as required and press the power button on the CPU. The display different start up info and messages and stops after finding the state and wait for your reply.
Stop and shut down your computer
Below is there a specific set measures that a user must follow to turn off the computer. Otherwise, there may be problems with the software or the computer may be affected. Always follow the steps below.
When click the YES button a message "Your computer can now turn on." After seeing these messages, press the power button to turn off computer. Now, turn off the UPS and stabilizer and last but not least, turn off the exit which is the main power source. As noted above, I tried to explain the basics of personal computer skills. The team works with the binary system. By submitting the outset that the use of input devices. In this case, we use the mouse and keyboard. We sent a message as a command to be adequately addressed in the computer through the creation of digital electronic signal.

About the Author

Kh. Atiar Rahman is an experienced author. He is a prolific author.

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